13. Income Taxes

No provision for federal and state income taxes was required for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 due to the Company’s operating losses and increased deferred tax asset valuation allowance.  At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had unused net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $154,527,000 and $147,086,000 respectively, which portions of expire at various dates beginning in 2021.  Some of this amount may be subject to annual limitations under certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code related to “changes in ownership.” 

As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the deferred tax assets related to the aforementioned carry-forwards have been fully offset by valuation allowances, because significant utilization of such amounts is not presently expected in the foreseeable future. 

Deferred tax assets and valuation allowances consist of:



The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal and Maryland state jurisdictions.  Tax years for fiscal 2016 through 2018 are open and potentially subject to examination by the federal and Maryland state taxing authorities.